Variation of surface temperature during the last millennium in a simulation with the FGOALS-gl climate system model     

张洁  周天军  辛晓歌 《大气科学进展》2013,30(3):699-712

A reasonable past millennial climate simulation relies heavily on the specified external forcings, including both natural and anthropogenic forcing agents. In this paper, we examine the surface temperature responses to specified external forcing agents in a millennium-scale transient climate simulation with the fast version of LASG IAP Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System model (FGOALS-gl) developed in the State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics (LASG/IAP). The model presents a reasonable performance in comparison with reconstructions of surface temperature. Differentiated from significant changes in the 20th century at the global scale, changes during the natural-forcing-dominant period are mainly manifested in the Northern Hemisphere. Seasonally, modeled significant changes are more pronounced during the wintertime at higher latitudes. This may be a manifestation of polar amplification associated with sea-ice-temperature positive feedback. The climate responses to total external forcings can explain about half of the climate variance during the whole millennium period, especially at decadal timescales. Surface temperature in the Antarctic shows heterogeneous and insignificant changes during the preindustrial period and the climate response to external forcings is undetectable due to the strong internal variability. The model response to specified external forcings is modulated by cloud radiative forcing (CRF). The CRF acts against the fluctuations of external forcings. Effects of clouds are manifested in shortwave radiation by changes in cloud water during the natural-forcing-dominant period, but mainly in longwave radiation by a decrease in cloud amount in the anthropogenic-forcing-dominant period.  相似文献   

Two-moment bulk stratiform cloud microphysics in the grid-point atmospheric model of IAP LASG (GAMIL)   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

史湘军  王斌 《大气科学进展》2013,30(3):868-883

A two-moment bulk stratiform microphysics scheme, including recently developed physically-based droplet activation/ice nucleation parameterizations has been implemented into the Grid-point Atmospheric Model of IAP LASG (GAMIL) as an effort to enhance the model’s capability to simulate aerosol indirect effects. Unlike the previous one-moment cloud microphysics scheme, the new scheme produces a reasonable representation of cloud particle size and number concentration. This scheme captures the observed spatial variations in cloud droplet number concentrations. Simulated ice crystal number concentrations in cirrus clouds qualitatively agree with in situ observations. The longwave and shortwave cloud forcings are in better agreement with observations. Sensitivity tests show that the column cloud droplet number concentrations calculated from two different droplet activation parameterizations are similar. However, ice crystal number concentration in mixed-phased clouds is sensitive to different heterogeneous ice nucleation formulations. The simulation with high ice crystal number concentration in mixed-phase clouds has less liquid water path and weaker cloud forcing. Furthermore, ice crystal number concentration in cirrus clouds is sensitive to different ice nucleation parameterizations. Sensitivity tests also suggest that the impact of pre-existing ice crystals on homogeneous freezing in old clouds should be taken into account.  相似文献   

Airborne measurements of the impact of ground-based glaciogenic cloud seeding on orographic precipitation     

缪群 《大气科学进展》2013,30(4):1025-1038

Data from in situ probes and a vertically-pointing mm-wave Doppler radar aboard a research aircraft are used to study the cloud microphysical effect of glaciogenic seeding of cold-season orographic clouds. A previous study (Geerts et al., 2010) has shown that radar reflectivity tends to be higher during seeding periods in a shallow layer above the ground downwind of ground-based silver iodide (AgI) nuclei generators. This finding is based on seven flights, conducted over a mountain in Wyoming (the Unites States), each with a no-seeding period followed by a seeding period. In order to assess this impact, geographically fixed flight tracks were flown over a target mountain, both upwind and downwind of the AgI generators. This paper examines data from the same flights for further evidence of the cloud seeding impact. Composite radar data show that the low-level reflectivity increase is best defined upwind of the mountain crest and downwind of the point where the cloud base intersects the terrain. The main argument that this increase can be attributed to AgI seeding is that it is confined to a shallow layer near the ground where the flow is turbulent. Yet during two flights when clouds were cumuliform and coherent updrafts to flight level were recorded by the radar, the seeding impact was evident in the flight-level updrafts (about 610 m above the mountain peak) as a significant increase in the ice crystal concentration in all size bins. The seeding effect appears short-lived as it is not apparent just downwind of the crest.  相似文献   

基于星载云雷达资料的东亚大陆云垂直结构特征分析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

尹金方  王东海  翟国庆  王志恩 《气象学报》2013,71(1):121-133

利用近5年(2006年6月—2011年4月)的Cloudsat卫星资料分析了东亚大陆云垂直结构特征。结果表明:(1)降水(文中可降水是根据观测到的可降水粒子信息计算到达地面的降水,并不是指地面观测到的实际降水)云和非降水云的雷达反射率(回波)垂直分布存在一定差异,除降水云反射率通常接地外,降水云主要集中在8 km以下,反射率通常为-20—15dBz,非降水云主要集中在4—12 km,反射率为-28—0 dBz;降水云雷达反射率频数大值中心在2 4 km,对应的雷达反射率为0—10 dBz,而非降水云出现在8—10 km,且对应的雷达反射率为-26—-24 dBz;(2)从雷达反射率廓线来看,降水云中雷达反射率随高度的变化先增强后减弱,而非降水云几乎不变;(3)液态降水云、固态降水云和毛毛雨降水云反射率的垂直分布明显不同;(4)液态降水云自11至7 km雷达反射率迅速增强,表明此高度是粒子快速增长的优势空间;(5)固态降水云中-15℃温度频数分布与雷达反射率频数大值中心有很好的对应关系,表明在-15℃附近的条件下冰相粒子凝华-碰冻是粒子增长的优势过程;(6)云的垂直结构随着季节变更而变化,降水云春季、夏季和秋季的雷达反射率垂直分布变化不明显,而冬季主要在低层;固态降水云的垂直分布频数大值中心从春季至冬季呈"双-单"中心交替变化,且与云中-15℃频数分布变化一致;非降水云雷达反射率垂直分布没有明显的季节变化;(7)深对流云和雨层云是形成降水粒子的主要云型。  相似文献   

基于FY-4A卫星数据的强对流云团识别与监测          下载免费PDF全文

季凌潇  洪水洁  徐能通 《气象与减灾研究》2023,46(2):111-119

为解决强对流监测问题,克服地区亮温特征对卫星监测的影响,利用FY 4A卫星L1数据,结合滑动窗口方法和多通道动态阈值自动识别法,对典型强对流云团进行识别与监测。结果表明：1）多通道动态阈值自动识别方法结合滑动窗口方法,可避免人为设置阈值的主观性,整合强对流的区域识别结果,实现全国强对流云团监测。2）此方法具有良好的强对流云团识别效果,识别正确率达到89%;3）FY 4A卫星识别结果与雷达反射率高值区基本一致,能够准确监测强对流云团发生发展和移动的过程,具有较高的识别精度。  相似文献   

人工影响天气飞机播云作业有效催化范围的模拟评估          下载免费PDF全文

徐晓宇  宿兴涛  张志标  王德龙 《气象与减灾研究》2021,44(3):181-187

针对人工影响天气飞机播云作业效果评估需求,提出一种基于拉格朗日粒子扩散模式FLEXPART-WRF的催化剂催化范围模拟评估方法.以典型催化剂碘化银为例,开发催化剂物理化学特性参数清单模块,结合飞机播云特点和模式源项特点,将飞机不规则线性播撒方式离散化为连续移动点源播撒方式,实现模式对飞机播云的模拟能力.通过对一次飞机播云作业的模拟试验,证实了模拟评估方法的可行性和有效性.  相似文献   

Directional Distribution of Observable Comets Induced by A Star Passage Through the Oort Cloud     

Piotr A. Dybczyński 《Earth, Moon, and Planets》2002,90(1-4):483-488

We simulated the passage of a star through the Oort cometary cloud andanalyzed the resulting sample of observable long period comets, noting strong asymmetries in the directional distribution of the perihelion points of thosecomets. We discuss the results previously published byWeissman (1996) for the same case. An explanation is suggestedwhy the isotropic output can be obtained only for a very peculiar case. The``cometary shower' density variation with time is also presented and thetime-dependence of the directional distribution is discussed.  相似文献   

Long-term effects of the Galactic tide on cometary dynamics     

Marc Fouchard  Christiane Froeschlé  Giovanni Valsecchi  Hans Rickman 《Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy》2006,95(1-4):299-326

We introduce a model for integrating the effects of Galactic tides on Oort cloud comets, which involves two procedures, according to the values of the osculating semi-major axis a and eccentricity e. Ten simulations of the dynamics of 10⁶ comets over 5 Gyr are performed using this model. We thus investigate the long-term effects of the Galactic tide with and without a radial component, the effects of the local density of the Galactic disk, and those of the Oort constants. Most of the results may be understood in terms of the integrability or non-integrability of the system. For an integrable system, which occurs for moderate semi-major axes with or without radial component, the dynamics is explained by periodic variation of the cometary perihelion, inducing the depletion of the outer region of the Oort cloud, a constant flux from the inner region after 500 Myr, and the quick formation of a reservoir of comets with argument of perihelion near 26.6°. When the system is non-integrable, the efficiency of the tide in reducing the cometary perihelion distance is enhanced both by replenishing the Oort cloud domain from which comets are sent toward the planetary system, and by reducing the minimal value that the perihelion distance may reach. No effects of varying the Oort constants were observed, showing that the flat rotation curve is a satisfactory approximation in Oort cloud dynamics.  相似文献   

浙江一次江淮气旋后部强对流暴雨过程诊断研究     

毛程燕  荆思佳  潘欣  马依依  李浩文 《热带气象学报》2021,37(4):530-540

利用地面降水观测、NCEP/NCAR FNL再分析、ECMWF模式预报场和FY-2H静止卫星TBB资料, 对2020年6月30日浙江省一次暴雨过程进行了综合分析。结果表明: (1) 200 hPa南亚高压强高空辐散、中纬度低槽东移、副热带高压带状稳定的阻塞形势、江淮气旋后部下摆冷空气与暖湿气流交汇形成的冷式切变等共同提供了有利的环境条件; (2)对流层中低层水汽通量向高空伸展、700 hPa正的垂直螺旋度中心都对暴雨落区有示踪作用, 高层正水汽通量散度强于低层负水汽通量散度, 垂直螺旋度和垂直速度中心几乎重合, 先低层强辐合后强垂直上升运动均为本次暴雨的发生提供了重要的水汽和动力条件; (3)暴雨发生在MPV、MPV1和MPV2为正负过渡的零值区, 为对流不稳定和斜压不稳定相结合区域, θ_se线密集区与地面近乎垂直, 湿位涡的高值中心位于θ_se梯度最大处, 高空湿位涡下传触发了位势不稳定能量的释放, 引起大范围的强对流暴雨; (4) 850 hPa冷切变线附近的降水云团, 是由多个块状对流云团合并加强形成完整的带状积雨云团, 而上游不断有新生对流云团生成东移补充消散的老单体, 触发阶段对流云后向传播, 扰动发展阶段对流云团合并过程, 形成对流云串的“列车效应”。   相似文献   

降水条件下的云雷达与微波辐射计反演液态水含量对比分析     

邹明龙  刘黎平  郑佳锋  曾震瑜  李博勇 《热带气象学报》2021,37(4):669-680

为了发展云雷达与微波辐射计联合反演液态水含量的方法, 利用2019年4—9月中国气象科学研究院在广东龙门开展的综合观测试验中的双波段云雷达和微波辐射计数据, 首先检验了在降水条件下微波辐射计天顶观测和斜路径观测两种探测模式反演温度(T)、相对湿度(RH)、液态水含量(LWC)和液态水路径(LWP)的合理性, 然后分析了两种探测设备反演LWC和LWP的差别。得到以下结论: (1)微波辐射计在斜路径观测模式下反演的产品受降水影响较小, 其反演结果明显优于天顶观测模式; (2)两种探测设备反演的LWP相关性较好且随时间变化较为一致, 但云雷达反演LWP与平均回波强度有明显相关, 随着雷达回波强度的增大, 云雷达与微波辐射计反演的LWP之比越大; (3)两种探测设备反演的LWC相关性较差且存在明显偏差, 在不考虑融化层的情况下单波段云雷达反演LWC与微波辐射计随高度变化趋势相近, 双波段云雷达反演LWC与微波辐射计反演结果在1 km及其以上区间存在明显差异。   相似文献